1. COVID C, Team R, COVID C, Team R, COVID C, Team R, et al. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. 2020;69(13):382. [
DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
2. Mohammadi F, Badri M, Safari S, Hemmat N. A case report of rhino-facial mucormycosis in a non-diabetic patient with COVID-19: a systematic review of literature and current update. 2021 Sep 3;21(1):906.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06625-3 [
DOI:10.1186/s12879-021-06625-3.] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
3. Allender S, Balakrishnan R, Scarborough P, Webster P, Rayner MJTc. The burden of smoking-related ill health in the UK. 2009;18(4):262-7. [
DOI:10.1136/tc.2008.026294] [
PMID]
4. Zohal M, EHTESHAMI AA, Zahmatkesh M, Lashkari M. PREVALENCE OF EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA AMONG PUPILS AND ITS RELATION WITH THEIR PARENTS'SMOKING HABITS. 2002.
5. Han L, Ran J, Mak Y-W, Suen LK-P, Lee PH, Peiris JSM, et al. Smoking and influenza-associated morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019;30(3):405-17. [
DOI:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000984] [
PMID]
6. Baskaran V, Murray RL, Hunter A, Lim WS, McKeever TMJPo. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019;14(7):e0220204. [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0220204] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
7. Arcavi L, Benowitz NLJAoim. Cigarette smoking and infection. 2004;164(20):2206-16. [
DOI:10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206] [
PMID]
8. Farsalinos K, Barbouni A, Niaura RJI, medicine e. Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: could nicotine be a therapeutic option? 2020;15(5):845-52. [
DOI:10.1007/s11739-020-02355-7] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
9. Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, Akbari AJAoaem. Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;8(1). [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0241265] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
10. Gülsen A, Yigitbas BA, Uslu B, Drömann D, Kilinc OJPm. The effect of smoking on COVID-19 symptom severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;2020. [
DOI:10.1101/2020.08.15.20102699]
11. Changeux J-P, Amoura Z, Rey FA, Miyara MJCRB. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. 2020;343(1):33-9. [
DOI:10.5802/crbiol.8] [
PMID]
12. Reddy RK, Charles WN, Sklavounos A, Dutt A, Seed PT, Khajuria AJJoMV. The effect of smoking on COVID‐19 severity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. 2021;93(2):1045-56. [
DOI:10.1002/jmv.26389] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
13. Umnuaypornlert A, Kanchanasurakit S, Lucero-Prisno DEI, Saokaew SJTid. Smoking and risk of negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021;19. [
DOI:10.18332/tid/132411] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
14. Dai M, Tao L, Chen Z, Tian Z, Guo X, Allen-Gipson DS, et al. Influence of Cigarettes and Alcohol on the Severity and Death of COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective study in Wuhan, China. 2020;11. [
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2020.588553] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
15. Liu W, Tao Z-W, Wang L, Yuan M-L, Liu K, Zhou L, et al. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. 2020. [
DOI:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000775] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
16. Vardavas CI, Nikitara KJTid. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. 2020;18. [
DOI:10.18332/tid/119324]
17. Karanasos A, Aznaouridis K, Latsios G, Synetos A, Plitaria S, Tousoulis D, et al. Impact of smoking status on disease severity and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020. [
DOI:10.1093/ntr/ntaa107] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
18. Mohammadi F, Kouzehgari SJJoID. Predicting the Prevalence of COVID-19 and its Mortality Rate in Iran Using Lyapunov Exponent. 2020;24(2):108-23. [
DOI:10.32598/JQUMS.24.2.2415.1]
19. Wenzl TJLPOotEU. Smoking and COVID-19: A review of studies suggesting a protective effect of smoking against COVID-19. 2020.
20. Simons D, Shahab L, Brown J, Perski OJA. The association of smoking status with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID‐19: a living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta‐analyses (version 7). 2021;116(6):1319-68. [
DOI:10.1111/add.15276] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
21. Alqahtani JS, Oyelade T, Aldhahir AM, Alghamdi SM, Almehmadi M, Alqahtani AS, et al. Prevalence, severity and mortality associated with COPD and smoking in patients with COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;15(5):e0233147. [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0233147] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
22. Behl T, Kaur I, Bungau S, Kumar A, Uddin MS, Kumar C, et al. The dual impact of ACE2 in COVID-19 and ironical actions in geriatrics and pediatrics with possible therapeutic solutions. 2020:118075. [
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118075] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
23. Leung JM, Yang CX, Tam A, Shaipanich T, Hackett T-L, Singhera GK, et al. ACE-2 expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients: implications for COVID-19. 2020;55(5). [
DOI:10.1183/13993003.00688-2020] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
24. Wittebole X, Hahm S, Coyle S, Kumar A, Calvano S, Lowry SJC, et al. Nicotine exposure alters in vivo human responses to endotoxin. 2007;147(1):28-34.
25. Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, Amella CA, Tanovic M, Susarla S, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. 2003;421(6921):384-8. [
DOI:10.1038/nature01339] [
PMID]
26. Conti P, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga C, Ross R, Frydas I, et al. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. 2020;34(2):1.
27. Mabley J, Gordon S, Pacher PJI. Nicotine exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of acute lung injury. 2011;34(4):231-7. [
DOI:10.1007/s10753-010-9228-x] [
PMID] [
PMCID]